METHAPORE AND SYMBOL

HIP: A METHOD FOR LINGUISTIC HYPERBOLE IDENTIFICATION IN DISCOURSE

Methapore and symbol Hip: a method for linguistic hyperbole identification in discourse published by Christian Burgers, Britta C. Brugman, Kiki Y. Renardel de Lavalette & Gerard J. Steen.

Christian Burgers is an Associate Professor at the Department of Communication Studies at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. In 2010, he defended his PhD dissertation in the field of Communication and Information Sciences at Radboud University Nijmegen. Since 2009, he has worked at the Department of Communication Studies, first as a Lecturer and an Assistant Professor, and currently as an Associate Professor. 

Britta C. Brugman, PhD Candidate & Lecturer at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. Britta's research focuses on how metaphorical frames work in voters’ political decision-making. She also teaches political science in the bachelor program Philosophy, Politics & Economics.

Kiki Renardel de Lavalette, 

Gerard J. Steen, professor of Speech Communication, Argumentation and Rhetoric at the Department of Dutch at the University of Amsterdam. Before then, he was professor of Language Use and Cognition at VU University Amsterdam from 2007 through 2013, and professor of Language and Communication at that same university from 2013 through 2014. His main research interest is metaphor in discourse.

This article introduces the Hyperbole Identification Procedure (HIP), a first systematic method for identifying linguistic hyperbole in discourse. We start by comparing existing definitions of linguistic hyperbole. Based on the commonalities shared by these definitions, we provide our operational definition of hyperbole as “an expression that is more extreme than justified given its ontological referent.” The next section argues why it is useful to identify hyperbole, as with metaphor in Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), at the level of lexical units, and subsequently introduces the steps of HIP. We follow up with two sample analyses of HIP in practice. This article used library study.

In this article, we introduced the HIP, a method that can be used to identify linguistic. hyperbole.in corpus research. We started out with comparing existing definitions of hyperbole. Based oncommonalities of the different approaches, we presented our operational definition of hyperboleas “an expression that is more extreme than justified given its ontological referent. 

” This definition then formed the basis of the steps coders can take when applying Reliability analyses, finally, showed that HIP is reliable in application when used by twotrained coders.As such, HIP can join the growing arsenal of methodological tools like MIP (Pragglejaz Group,2007), MIPVU (Steen et al., 2010a), and VIP (Burgers et al., 2011) which scholars can use whenconducting corpus analyses of figurative language types. Furthermore, by specifically choosing tomake HIP compatible with MIPVU and with VIP, scholars interested in combinations of two ormore of these tropes can select the procedures of interest. HIP can help scholars interested inhyperbole in corpus research in making their codings more robust.Like any coding procedure, HIP starts out from a basic unit of analysis, which in the case of HIP implies that hyperboles are coded at the level of lexical units. Like metaphors, some hyperboles may also occur  a to the level so analysis. Forinstance One of the advantages of a coding procedure like HIP is that it can bring such examples to the fore. To the best of our knowledge, the notion of hyperbole spanning multiple lexical units has not yet been discussed in the literature. When applying HIP, such examples are also taken into account, because each of the four lexical units comprising the hyperbole would be coded as hyperbolic.In some cases, speakers may be intentionally vague or ambiguous which may make it difficult to determine whether or not they use hyperbole (or not). Nevertheless, the steps of HIP help the coder in reducing such ambiguity. First, the coder is required to read the entire text before the start of coding (step 1 of HIP) so that they get an idea of the general position and point of the author.Second, in case the text is under specified about the topic at hand, coders can use additional real-world information from sources like the dictionary and Wikipedia to help them in making their coding  decisions. 

HIP will increase interest in the study of hyperbole in discourse, and stimulate corpus analysts to consider hyperbole in their projects and analyses.

The strengthen of this article is the researcher uses some examples and step how to method for linguistic hyperbole identification in discourse and references.

The weakness of this article is the hard to understand.

The conclusion this article recommended to read for group not indivual because need high anylzed.

Semantics

                           Semantics

What is meaning...?
Meaning is kind of the things can mean something. Word...? Signs...? Symbols...? Or body language...? You can think of all this posibble can mean something.
We are really interested in meaning.sometimes we are not sure about the message we should get from something we read or maybe we hear,and we concerned about getting our own message accross the others.

How about semantics.....?
Semantics....is a branch of linguistics which relates wiyh meaning. Semantics is considered as a study of meaning in language. It deals with the expression of linguistics object such as word, phrases, and sentences.not with the arrangement with their syntatic parts or with the pronounciation.
You know there are two factors that make semantics become important and worthy study....

First, meaning is strictly connected with communication. A certain meaning can be delivered throught communication plays an important role in human life(meaning in human language).
Second, thr process of human attempts to comprehead the nature of meaninf involves the mental ability by the use of reasoning and perception.

Semantics process:
* Human expression
Include sound and proxemics(body language).
* intrepretation
Include circumstances and context
* understanding
Like as language

Two kind of semantics:
* conotatif(Allegory)
* denotatif(reality)

And with semantics we can share the meaning and know how meaning can change overtime(such as old english and modern language).And we use be a new words in language. Because word told necessary of fix independent meaning.

Semantics also at the centre of the study of the human mind-thought process, cognition and conceptualization(by leech 1989:lx)

Hope you can get what i mean...
And know about semantics

introduction to linguistics

applied in linguistics

Applied Linguistics is concerned with practical issues involving language in the life of the community. The most important of these is the learning of second or foreign languages. Others include language policy, multilingualism, language education, the preservation and revival of endangered languages, and the assessment and treatment of language difficulties.
Other areas of interest include professional communication, for example, between doctors and their patients, between lawyers and their clients and in courtrooms, as well as other areas of institutional and cross-cultural communication ranging from the boardroom to the routines on an answer phone.
Linguistics and Applied Linguistics is a challenging and stimulating discipline, offering many opportunities for original work.


                                   Defining Semiotics
 

Have you ever thought about why certain words mean what they do? In an age when 'mouse' can mean a little rodent or a computer device, it's easy to question exactly what words mean and how we make sense of them. This question of meaning is at the heart of semiotics.

Semiotics is the study of sign systems. It explores how words and other signs make meaning. In semiotics, a sign is anything that stands in for something other than itself. This lesson focuses primarily on linguistic signs.

The word 'semiotics' dates back to ancient Greece, but its use in modern linguistics was propelled in the 19th century with the research of Ferdinand de Saussure. Saussure was a Swiss linguist who contributed greatly to the study of semiotics, also sometimes referred to as semiology.

Scholars of modern linguistics understand that words do not have innate meanings. That is, when we say the word 'rabbit', it is not because those sounds or letter symbols have anything to do with the qualities of a small, furry herbivore. In fact, the word, sounds, and letters are all unrelated to the creature we call rabbit, except that humans have assigned a value to them.

Because people have developed the ability to assign meaning with words, we are able to describe abstract meanings. This means we have words for things that we may not be able to actually see in front of us. Furthermore, the history of a word may not directly influence what it means to someone. As an example, we can use the word 'cool' without any thought or reference to temperature. The usage is separate from its history.

For Saussure, language itself makes meaning rather than simply conveying meaning. Therefore, our experience is influenced by the language we use to describe it. This meaning-making is why the theories of Saussure have become important to literary theory. When we understand that language is a sign system and not just a naming of objects, we read and discuss literary works differently. We are able to analyze the various meanings embedded in a text and how one text influences another.

                       Understanding Meaning-Making

 

Saussure developed a widely used model of semiotics. In order to understand his model, one must recognize the difference between what he called la langue (language) and la parole (speech). La langue is the set of language rules that every speaker understands, including how to make sounds into words and words into sentences. La parole is the actual utterance made by a person.

You can think of communication like swimming. La langue is the swimming pool, and la parole is the water. To be conducive to swimming, water needs a structure to hold it together, like speech needs the structure of our language system (la langue). The words we speak (la parole) make sense based only on the structure that holds them together, just like water can only be used for swimming if something contains it.

Signs are a basic component of la langue. They are like the pumps that push water into the pool. Pumps are part of the pool's structure that make it possible for water to come forth. Similarly, a sign must also exist for the speech act, or la parole, to occur. 

Icon, Index and symbols

Based on Charles Sanders Peirce’s idea, semiotics distinguished between three types of signs: icon, index and symbol. Peirce said that signs could be defined as these three categories. Signs are also defined as something visual that represent a meaning to the public or particular people. All these three words which are icon, index and symbol are a tool for analyzing the core of semiotics which is the language of signs.

Icon is better to be considered first. Essentially, icon means a pictorial representation of something. An icon also can be illustrative or diagrammatic. For example, the “No smoking sign” below always reminds of a very important message “You are not allowed to smoke in this place”. So, it really is warning us that we are not allowed to smoke or if we smoke we are going to face the law. In essence, in this sign we see a picture of cigarette that is lit up and a red line drawn on it to show that cigarette is extremely prohibited in a particular place.

Index sign is another type of signs. Basically, an Index signs is a sign where there is a direct link between the sign and the object. Most of traffic signs are index signs, because, they give information which relates to a particular location. Traffic signs or road signs are signs placed at the side of roads to provide information to drivers. For example, picture of “No U turn” traffic sign is simple to analyze, because its meaning is obvious. Whenever we are driving in a road and face this sign, automatically, we know that we may not turn because it is prohibited. If we do so, we are going to face further penalties.

Symbol is another type of signs that are important to be considered. A symbol has no logical meaning between it and the object. For instance, if we look at the symbol of love below, we see a red heart that every time we see it, it gives us the sign of love. As everyone knows, the most common symbol for love and certainly the most recognizable is the Heart symbol. But, why the shape of heart is shown like that? As, it was written before, symbols may not have any logical meaning to its object represented. The shape of heart is only assumed to be the sign of love and has become a symbol in the society during ages. So, the shape of heart always is used to strengthen relationships and passion. The heart shape may convey a lot of massages that all of them are related to love at the end. One of the meanings that it may convey is that a new love interest is on the way or another massage is that sometimes you should pay Closer attention to loved ones at this time.

Basically, all these three words which are icon, index and symbol have a particular meaning. They all are related to each other in some ways. To prove, they all are representing a meaning which sometimes can be straight forward like index signs or somehow vague like symbols which some of them are needed to be studied and some of them have got a meaning during ages. It was the way I analyze the three signs of semiotics which are Icon, Index and symbols. What do you think about these three types of signs?

lexicology

WHAT IS LEXICOLOGY ?


 Lexicology is the study of lexis or stock of words in a language or  a branch of linguistics concerned with the signification and application of words. Lexicology is  a  branch  of  linguistics,  the  science  of  language.  The  term Lexicology is composed of two Greek morphemes: lexis meaning ‘word, phrase’ and logos which denotes ‘learning, a department of knowledge’. Thus, the literal meaning  of  the  term Lex iсolоgу is ‘the science of the word’. The literal, meaning,however, gives only a general notion of the aims and the subject.

     Tthis  branch  of  linguistic  science,  since  all  its  other  branches  also  take  account  of  words in one way or another approaching them from different angles. Phonetics, for instance,   investigating   the phonetic   structure   of   language,   i.e.   its   system of  phonemes  and  intonation  patterns,  is  concerned  with  the  study  of  the  outer  sound form of the word. Grammar, which is inseparably bound up with Lexicology, is the study  of  the  grammatical  structure  of  language.  It is  concerned  with  the  various means  of expressing  grammatical  relations  between  words  and  with  the  patterns after which words are combined into word.EXICOLOGY ?

semantics

SEMANTICS : STUDY OF MEANING AND REFERENCE

 

 

Menurut Palmer (1976:1) : Semantics is the technical terms used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. (Istilah yang digunakan yang mengacu pada ilmu bidang makna, dan karena makna adalah bagian dari bahasa, maka semantics adalah cabang dari ilmu linguistics.

Linguistics semantics merupakan studi tentang makna yang digunakan untuk memahami ekspresi manusia melalui bahasa. Semantics adalah sub-bidang yang dikhususkan untuk mempelajari makna, seperti kata, frasa, kalimat dan unit yang lebih besar dari teks tersebut. Semantics ini biasanya berhubungan dengan 2 aspek lain, yaitu syntax (pembentukan simbol kompleks dari simbol yang lebih sederhana), Pragmatis (penggunaan praktis simbol oleh rakyat dalam konteks tertentu).

Secara umum, semantics merupakan study dari arti atau makna dan anggapan yang terkait dalam bahasa. Secara logika atau nalar, semantics sebagai reference atau petunjuk linguistics dan kondisi sebenarnya dalam bahasa. Deskripsi semantics dalam hakikat kebahasaan harus mencatat fakta dari suatu makna, lingusitics reference, dan pada keadaan yang sebenarnya. Bahasa sering didefinisikan sebagai sistem konvensional dalam berkomunikasi, yaitu sistem untuk menyampaikan pesan. Komunikasi akan tercapai jika hanya pesan yang disampaikan tersebut memiliki arti. sangatlah penting untuk mengetahui artinya dan itu mengandung semantics. Jadi, semantics itu adalah cabang linguistics yang meneliti arti dan makna.

JENIS-JENIS SEMANTICS

1.    Semantics Behavioris

Merupakan makna ditentukan oleh situasi yang ditentukan oleh lingkungan. Maka hanya dapat dipahami apabila ada data yang dapat diamati didalam lingkungan pengalaman manusia. Contohnya : seorang ibu yang menyuapkan makanan pada sibayi.

2.   Semantics Descriptive

kajian semantics yang khusu memperlihatkan makna yang sekarang berlaku. Jadi semantics decriptive hanya memperhatikan makna sekarang. Contohnya adalah kata juara yaitu orang yang mendapat peringkat teratas tanpa memperhatikan makna sebelumnya.

3.   Semantics Generatif

Tata bahasa terdiri dari sturktur dalam yang berisi tidak lain dari struktur dalam yang berisi tidak lain dari struktur semantics dan struktur luar yang merupakan perwujudan ujaran kedua struktur ini dihubungkan dengan suatu proses yang disebut transformasi.

4.   Semantics Grammatical

Mengkaji makna yang terdapat dalam satuan kalimat.

5.   Semantics Lexical

Yang lebih memuasakan pada sistem makna yang terdapat dalam kata. Kamus merupakan sebuah contoh yang tepat untuk semantics lexical karena makna setiap kata diuraikan disitu. Jadi semantics lexical ini memperhatikan makna yang terdapat didalam kalimat kata sebagai satuan mandiri.

6.   Semantics historis

sistem makna dalam rangkaian waktu, bukan perubahan pembentukan kata. Semantics ini membandingkan kata-kata berdasarkan periode atau antara kata pada masa tertentu dengan kata pada bahasa yang lain.

7.   Semantics logika

Yang berkaitan dengan konsep-konsep dan notasi simbolik dalam analisis bahasa. Semantic logika mengkaji sistem makna yang dilihat dari logika seperti matematika yang mengacu kepada kata pengkajian makna atau penafsiran ajaran.

8.   Semantics Structural

Sebuah hubungan struktur yang terdiri dari unsur berupa phonems, morphonems, words, phrase’s, clause’s, sentences, dan wacana yang membagianya menjadi kakjian phonology, morphology, syntax, dan text.

SEMANTICS PPT

Semantics from rika armayanti